27b9a40d-6e00-47b3-8ef0-50ff18fb148120210310030439340naunmdt@crossref.orgMDT DepositInternational Journal of Education and Information Technologies2074-131610.46300/9109http://www.naun.org/cms.action?id=3037430202043020201410.46300/9109.2020.14http://www.naun.org/cms.action?id=23206EleniStratigopoulouOpen University of Cyprus, 3, Giannou Kranidioti Ave., 2220, Latsia, Nicosia, CYPRUSKlimisNtalianisDepartment of Business Administration, University of West Attica, Egaleo, Athens, GreeceVasilikiKikiliMinistry of Education and Religious Affairs, Directorate of Primary Education, Athens, GreeceFilotheosNtalianisDepartment of Business Administration, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, GreeceSocial Networking Websites are not only the most widely used tools to facilitate communication in today's digital age, but they are also one of the biggest sources of Big Data. There are of course many benefits of data applications, for both ordinary users and professionals alike, but also there are many risks, that users of Social Networking Sites can face. As users' interest in using Social Networking Websites grows, so does their concern about the risks they pose. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the risks posed by the use of Social Networking Websites to adult users in Greece and examine the behaviors of users that may lead to risk exposure, (behaviors such as Risk Taking, Privacy Behavior, Trust in SNS companies, Privacy Concern, Perceived Control of Information, Information Identity Disclosure will be examined).It will also examine the correlation of user behaviors and exposure to risk and socio-demographic data of users. The results of the present study show that exposure to Risk in SNS is related to gender and also “Privacy Behavior” and “Information Identity Disclosure” are related to Age and Educational Level1112202011122020108114https://www.naun.org/main/NAUN/educationinformation/2020/a262008-013(2020).pdf10.46300/9109.2020.14.13https://www.naun.org/main/NAUN/educationinformation/2020/a262008-013(2020).pdfClement, J. (2019, August 14). Number of social media users worldwide 2010-2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ 10.1111/dpr.12142Hilbert, M. (2016). Big Data for Development: A Review of Promises and Challenges. Development Policy Review, 34(1), 135–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12142 Todd, H. K., Dave Gershgorn, Sarah. (2018, March 29). The Cambridge Analytica scandal is wildly confusing. This timeline will help. Quartz. https://qz.com/1240039/the-cambridge-analytica-scandal-is-confusing-this-timeline-will-help/ González-Bailón, S. (2018, April 4). Want to change Facebook? Don’t delete your account—use it for good. Quartz. https://qz.com/1244750/the-delete-facebook-movement-is-ultimately-self-defeating/ Social Media and Our Privacy. (2016). Futurism. https://vocal.media/futurism/social-media-and-our-privacy 10.1109/comtech.2017.8065764Today’s social network sites: An analysis of emerging security risks and their counter measures. (2017). 2017 International Conference on Communication Technologies (ComTech), Communication Technologies (ComTech), 2017 International Conference On, 143. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMTECH.2017.8065764 10.1109/comst.2014.2321628Fire, M., Goldschmidt, R., & Elovici, Y. (2014). Online Social Networks: Threats and Solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 16(4), 2019–2036. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2014.2321628 Young, Kimberly S. (1996). INTERNET ADDICTION: THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW CLINICAL DISORDER. Vol. 1 No. 3., pages 237-24. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/04b3/09af262cf2643daa93a34c1ba177cd6e7a85.pdf10.1007/s10802-014-9915-4Lee, Y.-H., Ko, C.-H., & Chou, C. (2015). Re-visiting internet addiction among Taiwanese students: A cross-sectional comparison of students’ expectations, online gaming, and online social interaction. Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(3), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9915-4 10.1371/journal.pone.0169839Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Problematic Social Media Use: Results from a Large-Scale Nationally Representative Adolescent Sample. Plos One, 12(1), e0169839–e0169839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169839 10.5817/cp2013-1-2Ponte, C., Simões, J. A., & Jorge, A. (2013). Do questions matter on children’s answers about internet risk and safety? Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2013-1-2 10.1542/peds.2006-0815Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Examining Characteristics and Associated Distress Related to Internet Harassment: Findings From the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey. Pediatrics, 118(4), e1169–e1177. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0815 DeMarco, J. N., Cheevers, C., Davidson, J., Bogaerts, S., Pace, U., Aiken, M., Caretti, V., Schimmenti, A., & Bifulco, A. (2017). Digital Dangers and Cyber-Victimisation: A Study of European Adolescent Online Risky Behaviour for Sexual Exploitation. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14(1), 104–112. 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01494.xDebatin, B., Lovejoy, J. P., Horn, A.-K., & Hughes, B. N. (2009). Facebook and Online Privacy: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Unintended Consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01494.x 10.1016/j.chb.2008.08.006Fogel, J., & Nehmad, E. (2009). Internet social network communities: Risk taking, trust, and privacy concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(1), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.08.006 10.1177/1948550611408619Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2012a). Hey Mom, What’s on Your Facebook? Comparing Facebook Disclosure and Privacy in Adolescents and Adults. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611408619 10.1177/0743558411432635Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2012b). Risky Disclosures on Facebook: The Effect of Having a Bad Experience on Online Behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(6), 714–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558411432635 10.1080/00224545.2014.914881Saeri, A. K., Ogilvie, C., La Macchia, S. T., Smith, J. R., & Louis, W. R. (2014). Predicting Facebook Users’ Online Privacy Protection: Risk, Trust, Norm Focus Theory, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 154(4), 352–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2014.914881 10.5817/cp2016-1-2Kezer, M., Sevi, B., Cemalcilar, Z., & Baruh, L. (2016). Age differences in privacy attitudes, literacy and privacy management on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, 10(1), 52–71. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2016-1-2 10.1089/cyber.2015.0081Meter, D. J., & Bauman, S. (2015). When Sharing Is a Bad Idea: The Effects of Online Social Network Engagement and Sharing Passwords with Friends on Cyberbullying Involvement. Cyberpsychology, Behavior And Social Networking, 18(8), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.008110.1089/cyber.2015.0145Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Hamilton, H. A. (2015). Use of Social Networking Sites and Risk of Cyberbullying Victimization: A Population-Level Study of Adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior And Social Networking, 18(12), 704–710. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0145 10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.534Mitchell, K. J., & Ybarra, M. (2009). Social networking sites: Finding a balance between their risks and benefits. Archives Of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(1), 87–89. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.534 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.xLivingstone, S., & Brake, D. R. (2010). On the Rapid Rise of Social Networking Sites: New Findings and Policy Implications. Children & Society, 24(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.x 10.1016/j.istr.2011.09.008Weir, G. R. S., Toolan, F., & Smeed, D. (2011). The threats of social networking: Old wine in new bottles? Information Security Technical Report, 16(2), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istr.2011.09.008 10.1109/mic.2011.50Hongyu Gao, Jun Hu, Tuo Huang, Jingnan Wang, & Yan Chen. (2011). Security Issues in Online Social Networks. IEEE Internet Computing, Internet Computing, IEEE, IEEE Internet Comput., 4, 56. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2011.50 10.1177/0907568211406456Vandoninck, S., d’Haenens, L., De Cock, R., & Donoso, V. (2012). Social Networking Sites and Contact Risks among Flemish Youth. Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research, 19(1), 69–85. 10.1007/s10676-013-9333-2Ephraim, P. E. (2013). African youths and the dangers of social networking: A culture-centered approach to using social media. Ethics & Information Technology, 15(4), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-013-9333-2 10.1007/s10551-014-2346-xHajli, N., & Lin, X. (2016). Exploring the Security of Information Sharing on Social Networking Sites: The Role of Perceived Control of Information. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(1), 111. 10.3916/c54-2018-06Montes-Vozmediano, M., García-Jiménez, A., & Menor-Sendra, J. (2018). Teen Videos on YouTube: Features and Digital Vulnerabilities. Comunicar: Media Education Research Journal, 26(54), 61–69. 10.1007/s00431-008-0811-1Tsitsika, A., Critselis, E., Kormas, G., Filippopoulou, A., Tounissidou, D., Freskou, A., Spiliopoulou, T., Louizou, A., Konstantoulaki, E., & Kafetzis, D. (2009). Internet use and misuse: A multivariate regression analysis of the predictive factors of internet use among Greek adolescents. European Journal Of Pediatrics, 168(6), 655–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-008-0811-1 10.1089/cyber.2009.0306Frangos, C. C., Frangos, C. C., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2011). Problematic Internet Use Among Greek University Students: An Ordinal Logistic Regression with Risk Factors of Negative Psychological Beliefs, Pornographic Sites, and Online Games. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(1/2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.030610.1186/1471-2458-11-595Kormas, G., Critselis, E., Janikian, M., Kafetzis, D., & Tsitsika, A. (2011). Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 11, 595–595. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-595 10.1111/josh.12049Floros, G. D., Siomos, K. E., Fisoun, V., Dafouli, E., & Geroukalis, D. (2013). Adolescent online cyberbullying in Greece: The impact of parental online security practices, bonding, and online impulsiveness. Journal of School Health, 6, 445.10.1080/02673843.2013.778207Antoniadou, N., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2015). A review of research on cyber-bullying in Greece. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 20(2), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2013.778207 10.1007/s12098-016-2256-2Gkiomisi, A., Gkrizioti, M., Gkiomisi, A., Anastasilakis, D. A., & Kardaras, P. (2017). Cyberbullying Among Greek High School Adolescents. Indian Journal Of Pediatrics, 84(5), 364–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-016-2256-210.5817/cp2013-3-6Giota, K. G., & Kleftaras, G. (2013). The role of personality and depression in problematic use of social networking sites in Greece. Cyberpsychology, 7(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2013-3-6 10.1080/0144929x.2014.948489Kourouthanassis, P., Lekakos, G., & Gerakis, V. (2015). Should I stay or should I go? The moderating effect of self-image congruity and trust on social networking continued use. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(2), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.948489 10.22365/jpsych.2017.283.211Tsiolka, E., Bergiannaki, I. D., Margariti, M., Malliori, M., & Papageorgiou, C. (2017). Dysfunctional internet behaviour symptoms in association with personality traits. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 28(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2017.283.211 infographic-information-technologies-2019—ELSTAT. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2019, from https://www.statistics.gr/el/infographic-information-technologies-2019 Greece in Numbers—ELSTAT. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2019, from https://www.statistics.gr/greece-in-figures Statistics- ELSTAT. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.statistics.gr/el/statistics/-/publication/SAM07/- Statistics. (n.d.). Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved May 31, 2018, from https://cyberbullying.org/statistics Salourou, R. (2015, September 19). Ready to explode the demographic bomb, Kathimerini. https://www.kathimerini.gr/831452/article/oikonomia/ellhnikh-oikonomia/etoimh-na-ekragei-h-dhmografikh-vomva 10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.006Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., & Rokkum, J. (2013). The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale: An empirical investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2501–2511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.006 Ball, A. L., Ramim, M. M., & Levy, Y. (2015). Examining users’ personal information sharing awareness, habits, and practices in social networking sites and e-learning systems. 3(1), 28. 10.1016/j.jretai.2006.08.006Pan, Y., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2006). Exploring the impact of online privacy disclosures on consumer trust. Journal of Retailing, 82(4), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2006.08.006Fogel and Nehmad—2009—Internet social network communities Risk taking, .pdf. (n.d.). 10.1002/asi.20459Buchanan, T., Paine, C., Joinson, A. N., & Reips, U.-D. (2007). Development of measures of online privacy concern and protection for use on the Internet. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(2), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20459 10.1080/01449290410001715723Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2004). Internet privacy concerns and their antecedents—Measurement validity and a regression model. Behaviour & Information Technology, 23(6), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290410001715723 10.1057/jit.2010.6Krasnova, H., Spiekermann, S., Koroleva, K., & Hildebrand, T. (2010). Online social networks: Why we disclose. Journal of Information Technology, 25(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2010.6 Stutzman, F. (2006). An evaluation of identity-sharing behavior in social network communities. In IDMAa and IMS Code Conference, 3. 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.005Kimbrough, A., Guadagno, R., & Janeann Dill, D. der P. (2013). Gender differences in mediated communication: Women connect more than do men. https://www.academia.edu/19260090/Gender_differences_in_mediated_communication_Women_connect_more_than_do_men10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.05.002Alnjadat, R., Hmaidi, M. M., Samha, T. E., Kilani, M. M., & Hasswan, A. M. (2019). Gender variations in social media usage and academic performance among the students of University of Sharjah. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(4), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.05.002 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00396.xHargittai, E. (2007). Whose Space? Differences Among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 276–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00396.x Madden, M., & Zickuhr, K. (2011, August 26). 65% of online adults use social networking sites. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/08/26/65-of-online-adults-use-social-networking-sites/ 10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.036Branley, D. B., & Covey, J. (2018). Risky behavior via social media: The role of reasoned and social reactive pathways. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.036